Pengantar Teori Belajar Sosial Albert Bandura
Albert
Bandura mengembangkan teori belajar
sosial dari teori behavioristik. Ia merumuskan hakekat bagaimana manusia
belajar dari observational learning (pembelajaran melalui pengamatan). Bandura
menggunkan konsep utama dari teori belajarnya mengenai hakekatnya belajar dari
kegiatan sosial (interaksi individu dengan yang lainnya) melalui pengamatan
terhadap orang lain yang sedang melakukan tindakan atau belajar tanpa melakukan
tindakan terlebih dahulu dan tanpa secara langsung mendapatkan reinforcement
dan hukuman atas perilaku tersebut.
Bandura menerima banyak prinsip teori perilaku, tetapi ia lebih banyak
fokus pada efek isyarat pada perilaku dan pada proses mental internal, dengan menekankan efek
pemikiran pada tindakan dan pemikiran. Bandura melakukan percobaan mengenai
teori belajar sosial dipengaruhi oleh kelompok peneliti aliran teori “belajar behavioristic”.
Bandura melihat bahwa hewan yang
dipergunakan dalam percobaan memperlihatkan tingkah laku sendiri untuk
kebutuhan diri sendiri, bukan percobaan interaksi individu dengan individu atau
kelompok. Jadi peneliti aliran teori
belajar behavioristik menurutnya berbicara pada tataran sosial.
a.
Prinsip Dasar Teori Belajar Sosial
Bandura
Bandura
membangun teori belajar sosial atas dasar prinsip: (1) faktor yang saling
menentukan, (2) kemampuan untuk membuat atau memahami simbol, tanda, atau lambing,
(3) kemampuan berpikir kedepan, (4) kemampuan untuk seolaholah mengalami apa
yang dialami oleh orang lain, (5) kemampuan mengatur diri sendiri, dan (6) kemampuan untuk
berefleksi.
1)
Faktor yang saling menentukan.
Bandura menyatakan bahwa setiap
individu pada dasarnya adalah sebuah sistem (self-system). Individu sebagai
sebuah sistem menggambarkan perilaku, berbagai faktor pada diri, dan peristiwa-peristiwa
yang dialami dan disaksikan di lingkungan secara bersama-sama saling mempengaruhi
satu sama lain. Berikut ini gambaran bentuk interaksi berbagai faktor pembentuk
sistem diri.
Bagan Teori Bandura Belajar Sosial |
Gambar 2.1 Gambaran
Interaksi Faktor Pembentuk Sistem Diri
Bandura
menggambarkan bentuk sistem diri yang saling terkait antara faktor kepribadian
(personal), faktor perilaku (behavior), dan faktor lingkungan (environment).
Sepasang tanda panah yang berlawanan arah pada setiap faktor tersebut di atas menunjukkan
bahwa terdapat daya mempengaruhi atau berhubungan secara timbal balik.
2)
Kemampuan untuk membuat atau memahami simbol.
Bandura menggambarkan bahwa manusia
mampu memahami dunia secara simbolis melalui gambar-gambar kognitif, jadi
orang lebih bereaksi terhadap gambaran kognitif dari dunia sekitar dari pada
dunia itu sendiri. Pentingnya kontekstual dalam belajar sosial ditunggangi oleh
kemampuan manusia berpikir dan memanfaatkan bahasa sebagai alat untuk berpikir,
maka hal-hal yang telah berlalu dapat disimpan dalam ingatan dan hal-hal yang
akan datang dapat pula “diuji” secara simbolis dalam pikiran. Perilakuperilaku
yang mungkin diperlihatkan akan dapat diduga, diharapkan, dikhawatirkan, dan
diuji cobakan terlebih dahulu secara simbolis, dalam pikiran, tanpa harus
mengalaminya secara fisik terlebih dahulu. Karena pikiran-pikiran yang
merupakan simbul atau gambaran kognitif dari masa lalu maupun masa depan itulah
yang mempengaruhi atau menyebabkan munculnya perilaku tertentu.
3)
Kemampuan berpikir kedepan.
Manusia
memiliki kemampuan berpikir ke depan, di samping kemampuan mengingat hal-hal
yang sudah pernah dialami, kemampuan berpikir atau mengolah simbol tersebut
dapat dimanfaatkan untuk merencanakan masa
depan. Orang dapat menduga bagaimana orang lain bisa bereaksi terhadapnya,
dapat menentukan tujuan, dan merencanakan tindakan-tindakan yang dapat diambil
untuk mencapai tujuannya dengan menggunakan prediksi atau pikiran ke depan,
karena biasanya pikiran mengawali tindakan.
4)
Kemampuan untuk mengalami apa yang dialami oleh
orang lain.
Manusia
mampu belajar dengan cara memperhatikan orang lain berperilaku dan
memperhatikan konsekuensi dari perilaku tersebut. Inilah yang dinamakan belajar
dari apa yang dialami orang lain.
5)
Kemampuan
mengatur diri sendiri.
Manusia
memiliki kemampuan untuk mengendalikan perilakunya sendiri. Seberapa giat orang
bekerja dan belajar, berapa jam ia harus tidur, bagaiamana bersikap di muka
umum, bagaimana mengerjakan pekerjaan kuliah dengan teratur, dan lain-lain merupakan
contoh prilaku yang dikendalikan. Perilaku ini tidak dikerjakan untuk memuaskan
orang lain, tetapi berdasarkan standar dan motivasi yang ditetapkan diri
sendiri. Meskipun orang akan berpengaruh oleh perilaku orang lain, namun
tanggung jawab utama tetap berada pada diri
sendiri
6)
Kemampuan
untuk berefleksi.
Manusia memiliki kemampuan merefleksi
diri atau perenungan untuk memikirkan kemampuan diri sendiri. Manusia mampu memantau ide-idenya sendiri dan
menilai kepantasan ide-ide yang ia miliki sekaligus menilai diri mereka
sendiri. Dari semua
penilaian diri sendiri, yang
paling urgen adalah penilaian terhadap
beberapa komponen atau seberapa mampu mengira diri sendiri dapat mengerjakan sesuatu
dengan baik menurutnya sendiri.
b.
Konsep Dasar
dalam Pembelajaran menurut Bandura
Bandura menggambarkan karakteristik
dari belajar sosial terbukti sangat penting dan efisien karena menurutnya
manusia dapat belajar dengan cara memperhatikan model beraksi dan membayangkan seolah-olah
ia sebagai pengamat, mengalami sendiri
apa yang dialami oleh model. Prinsip ini disebut model, karena perilakunya
dipelajari atau ditiru oleh orang lain. Dari sudut pandang Bandura,
orang/pengamat tidak hanya sekedar meniru perilaku orang lain (model), namun
mereka memutuskan dengan sadar untuk melakukan perilaku yang dipelajari dari
mengamati model.
Asas mengamati model dan mengulangi perilaku
yang dilakukan oleh model bukanlah sekedar imitasi sederhana, tetapi ini
merupakan pembelajaran observasi yang melibatkan proses kognitif aktif yang
meliputi 4 fase, yaitu: (1) fase perhatian (atensi), (2) fase pengingatan (retensi),
(3) fase reproduksi, dan (4) fase motivasi.
1)
Fase perhatian (atensi).
Bandura
menggambarkan fase pertama dalam pembelajaran ialah pengamatan, memberikan
perhatian pada orang yang ditiru. Pada umumnya, siswa memberikan perhatian pada
panutan yang memikat, berhasil, menarik, dan popular. Sebagai pengamat orang
tidak dapat belajar melalui observasi kecuali ia memperhatikan kegiatan-kegiatan
yang diperagakan oleh model. Perhatian mempengaruhi pengamat berperilaku
menitu yang diperagakan model. Proses
memberikan perhatian tergantung pada kepada kegiatan apa dan siapa modelnya
yang bersedia untuk diamati, misalnya jika anak-anak dibesarkan dalam rumah
tangga yang selalu bertengkar, maka kemungkinan besar mereka akan mudah
bertindak kasar dan agresif pula.
Penerapan teori
belajar sosial fokus pertama memastikan siswa memberi perhatian lebih pada
prilaku yang dimodelkan, maka guru sebaiknya mengusahakan untuk: (1) menekankan
bagianbagian penting dari perilaku yang dipelajari untuk memusatkan perhatian
siswa, (2) membagi-bagi kegiatan besar menjadi bagian-bagian kecil, (3)
memperjelas ketrampilan-ketrampilan yang menjadi komponen-komponen prilaku,
(4) memberi kesempatan untuk siswa mempraktikkan hasil pengamatan mereka begitu
mereka selesai dengan satu topik.
2)
Fase pengingatan (retensi).
Agar dapat mengambil manfaat dari
perilaku orang lain yang telah diamati, seorang pengamat harus dapat mengingat
apa yang telah dilihatnya. Dia harus mengubah informasi diamatinya menjadi bentuk gambaran mental,
atau mengubah simbol-simbol verbal, dan kemudian menyimpan dalam ingatannya. Usaha
pengingatan akan sangat membantu siswa apabila kegiatan yang ditiru segera
diulanginya atau dipraktikkan setelah pengamatan selesai. Pengamat tidak perlu
melakukan pengulangan atau mempraktikkan secara fisik, tetapi dapat saja secara
kognitif, yaitu: membayangkan, memvisualisasikan perilaku tersebut dalam pikirannya.
3)
Fase reproduksi.
Bandura menekankan komponen ketiga
dalam proses peniruan adalah mengubah ide gambaran, atau ingatan menjadi
tindakan. Fase ini merupakan umpan balik dari hasil belajar dalam bentuk
perilaku yang diperlihatkan oleh pengamat dapat menjadi alat bantu untuk dapat
dilakukan lewat observasi diri dan masukan dari pelatih, guru, dan modelnya
sendiri dari lingkungan sosial memformulasi perilaku baru atau hanya semata
meniru.
4)
Fase motivasi.
Bandura menggambarkan tahap terakhir
dalam proses pembelajaran melalui pengamatan ialah fase motivasi. Orang tidak
akan memperagakan atau melaksanakan setiap hal yang dipelajarinya lewat proses
pengamatan kecuali didorong oleh motivasi. Siswa akan meniru orang yang ditiru
karena mereka percaya bahwa tindakan seperti itu akan meningkatkan peluang
mereka sendiri. Umumnya seorang pengamat akan cenderung untuk memperagakan
perilaku yang ditirunya jika hal tersebut menghasilkan hal yang berharga atau
diinginkan oleh pengamat. Pengamat cenderung tidak memperagakan perilaku yang
mengakibatkan munculnya hukuman atau bila ia tidak mendapat hadiah dari
perbuatan tersebut.
c.
Konsep
Dasar dalam Kepribadian menurut Bandura
Bandura
mengembangkan konsep dasar keperibadian pada tiga faktor penting, yaitu: (1) sistem
diri (self-system), (2) efikasi
diri (self-efficacy), dan (3)
regulasi diri (self-regulation).
1)
Sistem Diri (Self
System)
Bandura
mengajukan sebuah konsep yang memiliki peran penting dalam kepribadian, ia
sebut dengan self-system, satu set proses kognitif digunakan individu
untuk mempersepsi, mengevaluasi, dan meregulasi prilakunya sendiri agar sesuai
dengan lingkungannya dan efektif dalam mencapai tujuan yang ingin dicapai. Oleh
karena itu, individu tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh proses reinforcement eksternal
yang disediakan lingkungan, tetapi juga oleh ekspektasi, reinforcement,
pikiran, rencana, tujuan atau proses internal dari diri.
Pada
aspek system diri ini aspek kognitif berperan aktif dalam diri individu dalam
pembelajaran. Selain sebagi wujud respon terhadap reinforcement langsung
dengan mengubah prilaku di masa depan, orang dapat berpikir dan mengantisipasi
pengaruh dari lingkungan. Individu dapat mengantisipasi konsekuensi yang
mungkin akan timbul dari perilakunya sehingga mereka memilih tindakan berdasarkan respon yang
dihadapkan dari lingkungan dan masyarakatnya.
Walaupun
teori pembelajaran klasik mengasumsikan bahwa prilaku seseorang berubah
sepanjang waktu karena pengaruh langsung dari reinforcement dan hukuman
melalui hubungan stimulus respons (Friedman &
Schustack, 2008). Teori Bandura menyatakan bahwa pengaruh reinforcement
sebelumnya akan terinternalisasikan dan perilaku berubah karena berubahnya
pengetahuan dan ekspektasi seseorang. Pendekatannya memberikan peranan penting
pada apa yang disebutnya dengan “human agency”. Kapasitas seseorang
untuk mengontrol perilakunya, dan juga mengontrol proses berpikir internal dan
motivasinya. Perkembangan pengetahuan dan perubahan prilaku tertentu (oleh
orang lain atau diri sendiri), pada situasi tertentu, mendapatkan reinforcement
di masa lalu membuat individu berharap bahwa perilaku yang sama akan
mendapatkan reinforcement pada situasi yang sama (atau serupa) di masa
depan, maka pendekatan ini menggunakan kekuatan pendekatan pembelajaran dan
kognitif terhadap kepribadian.
2)
Efikasi Diri (Self-efficacy)
Bandura
menggabarkan self-efficacy merupakan
ekspektasi keyakinan (harapan) tentang seberapa jauh seseorang mampu melakukan
satu perilaku dalam suatu situasi tertenu.
Self-efficacy yang positif
akan membentuk keyakinan berperilaku. Self-efficacy menentukan
perilaku tertentu, sekuat apa seseorang dapat bertahan saat menghadapi
kesulitan atau kegagalan, dan bagaimana kesuksesan atau kegagalan dalam satu
tugas tertentu mempengaruhi perilaku di masa depan.
Keyakinan tentang self-efficacy merupakan hasil dari empat jenis
informasi, yaitu: (1) pengalaman dalam
melakukan perilaku yang diharapkan atau perilaku yang serupa (kesuksesan dan
kegagalan di masa lalu), (2) melihat orang lain melakukan perilaku tersebut
atau perilaku yang kurang lebih sama (vicarious experience), (3) persuasi verbal (bujukan orang lain yang
bertujuan untuk menyemangati atau menjatuhkan performa), dan (4) perasaan
tentang perilaku yang dimaksud (reaksi
emosional).
3)
Regulasi Diri (Self-regulation)
Bandura menggambarkan regulasi diri
merupakan proses seseorang dapat mengatur pencapaian dan aksi mereka sendiri,
menentukan target untuk diri
mereka, mengevaluasi kesuksesan
mereka saat mencapai
target tersebut, dan
memberi penghargaan pada diri mereka sendiri karena telah mencapai tujuan
tersebut. Konsep selfefficacy adalah elemen penting dari proses ini,
yang mempengaruhi pilihan target dan tingkat pencapaian yang diharapkan. Bahagian
paling penting adalah skema yang dimiliki individu menjadi dasar memahami dan
berperilaku dalam lingkungannya. Konstruk regulasi diri menitikberatkan pada
kontrol internal. Proses regulasi diri memiliki relevansi yang luas terhadap
banyak bidang, terutama bidang pendidikan yang merupakan bidang melatih kontrol
perilaku manusia yang berdampak pada meningkatnya keberhasilan masyarakat dalam
bidang peradaban
Dari penjelasan di atas teori belajar sosial
Bandura dapat digambarkan bagan sebagai berikut:
Bagan Gambaran Umum Teori Belajar Sosial Bandura |
Gambar 2.1 Gambaran Umum Teori Belajar Sosial Bandura.
https://ridwan-aceh.blogspot.co.id/2017/03/daftar-pustaka-daftar-pustaka-albert.html?showComment=1489917195546#c7884409924310458559
Daftar Pustaka ALBERT BANDURA, Referensi Bandura, Teori Bandura,Teori belajar sosial kumpulan 350 referensi Albert Bandura dari tahun -1953
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
https://ridwan-aceh.blogspot.co.id/2017/03/daftar-pustaka-daftar-pustaka-albert.html?showComment=1489917195546#c7884409924310458559
Daftar Pustaka ALBERT BANDURA, Referensi Bandura, Teori Bandura,Teori belajar sosial kumpulan 350 referensi Albert Bandura dari tahun -1953
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1.
Bandura, A. (1954). The Rorschach white space response
and perceptual reversal. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48, 113-117.
2.
Bandura, A. (1954). The Rorschach white space response
and “oppositional” behavior. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 18, 17-21.
3.
Bandura, A. (1956). Psychotherapists’ anxiety level,
self-insight, and psychotherapeutic competence. Journal of Abnormal and Social
Psychology, 52, 333-337.
4.
Bandura, A. (1957). Review of case studies in childhood
emotional disabilities (Vol. 2) by G. Gardner. Contemporary Psychology, 2,
14-15.
5.
Bandura, A. (1958). Child-rearing patterns associated
with adolescent aggressive disorders. In Physical and behavioral growth.
Columbus, OH: Ross Laboratories.
6.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1958). Dependency
conflicts in aggressive delinquents. Journal of Social Issues, 14, 52-65.
7.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H., (1959). Adolescent
aggression. New York: Ronald Press.
8.
Bandura, A., Lipsher, D. H., & Miller, P. E. (1960).
Psychotherapists’ approach-avoidance reactions to patients’ expression of
hostility. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 1-8.
9.
Bandura, A. (1961). Psychotherapy as a learning process.
Psychological Bulletin, 58, 143-159.
10. Bandura, A., &
Huston, A. C. (1961). Identification as a process of incidental learning.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 311-318.
11. Bandura, A., Ross, D.,
& Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of
aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
12. Bandura, A. (1962).
Social learning through imitation. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
13. Bandura, A. (1962).
Comments on Dr. Epstein’s paper. In M. R. Jones (Ed.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation.
Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
14. Bandura, A. (1962).
Punishment revisited. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 26, 298-301.
15. Bandura, A., &
Winder, C. L., Ahmad, F. Z., & Rau, L. C. (1962). Dependency of patients, psychotherapists’
responses, and aspects of psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 26, 129-134.
16. Bandura, A. (1963).
Behavior theory and identificatory learning. American Journal of
Orthopsychiatry, 33, 591-601.
17. Bandura, A. (1963). The
role of imitation in personality development. Journal of Nursery Education, 18,
207-215.
18. Bandura, A., &
McDonald, F. J. (1963). The influence of social reinforcement and the behavior
of models in shaping children’s moral judgments. Journal of Abnormal and Social
Psychology, 67, 274-281.
19. Bandura, A., Ross, D.,
& Ross, S. A. (1963). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. Journal
of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3-11.
20. Bandura A., Ross, D.
& Ross, S. A. (1963). A comparative test of the status envy, social power,
and secondary reinforcement theories of identificatory learning. Journal of
Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 527-534.
21. Bandura, A., Ross, D.,
& Ross, S. A. (1963). Vicarious reinforcement and imitative learning.
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 601-607.
22. Bandura, A., &
Walters, R. H. (1963). Aggression. In Child psychology: The sixty-second
yearbook of the national society for the study of education, Part I. Chicago:
The National Society for the Study of Education.
23. Bandura, A., &
Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York:
Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
24. Bandura, A. (1964). The
stormy decade: Fact or fiction? Psychology in the Schools, 1, 224-231.
25. Bandura, A., &
Kupers, C. J. (1964). Transmission of patterns of self-reinforcement through
modeling. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 1-9.
26. Bandura, A. (1965).
Vicarious processes: A case of no-trial learning. In L.Berkowitz (Ed.),
Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 1-55). New York:
Academic Press, 1965.
27. Bandura, A. (1965).
Behavioral modification through modeling procedures. In L. Krasner & L. P.
Ullman (Eds.), Research in behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart
& Winston.
28. Bandura, A. (1965).
Influence of models’ reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of
imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 589-595.
29. Bandura, A., &
Mischel, W. (1965). Modification of self-imposed delay of reward through
exposure to live and symbolic models. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 2, 698-705.
30. Bandura, A. (1966). Role
of vicarious learning in personality development. Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Congress of
Psychology: Social factors in the development of personality. Moscow, USSR.
31. Bandura, A., Grusec, J.
E., & Menlove, F. L. (1966). Observational learning as a function of
symbolization and incentive set. Child Development, 37, 499-506.
32. Bandura, A., &
Harris, M. B. (1966). Modification of syntactic style. Journal of Experimental
Child Psychology, 4, 341-352.
33. Bandura, A., &
Rosenthal, T. L. (1966). Vicarious classical conditioning as a function of
arousal level. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 54-62.
34. Bandura, A., &
Whalen, C. K. (1966). The influence of antecedent reinforcement and divergent
modeling cues on patterns of self-reward. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 3, 373-382.
35. Bandura, A. (1967).
Behavioral psychotherapy. Scientific American, 216(3), 78-86.
36. Bandura, A., Grusec, J.,
& Menlove, F. (1967). Some social determinants of self-monitoring
reinforcement systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5,
449-455.
37. Bandura, A., Grusec, J.
E., & Menlove, F. L. (1967). Vicarious extinction of avoidance behavior.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 16-23.
38. Bandura, A., &
Perloff, B. (1967). Relative efficacy of self-monitored and externally-imposed
reinforcement systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7,
111-116.
39. Bandura, A. (1967). The
role of modeling processes in personality development. In W. Hartup & N. Smothergill
(Eds.), The young child. Washington: National Association for the Education of
Young Children.
40. Bandura, A. (1968).
Imitation. In D. L. Sills (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social
sciences (Vol. 7). New York: Macmillan.
41. Bandura, A. (1968).
Reinforcement therapy: An antidote for therapeutic pessimism. (Review of Reinforcement
Therapy by O. I. Lovaas). Contemporary Psychology, 13, 36-39.
42. Bandura, A. (1968). A
social learning interpretation of psychological dysfunctions. In P. London
& D. Rosenhan (Eds.), Foundations of abnormal psychology. New York: Holt,
Rinehart & Winston.
43. Bandura, A., &
Menlove, F. (1968). Factors determining vicarious extinction through symbolic
modeling Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 99-108.
44. Bandura, A. (1968). On
empirical disconfirmations of equivocal deductions with insufficient data.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 247-249.
45. Bandura, A. (1968).
Modeling approaches to the modification of phobic disorders. In R. Porter
(Ed.), The role of learning in psychotherapy: Ciba Foundation Symposium.
London: Churchill.
46. Bandura, A. (1969).
Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. In D. Goslin (Ed.),
Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 213-262). Chicago: Rand
McNally.
47. Bandura, A. (1969).
Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
48. Bandura, A. (1969).
Social learning of moral judgments. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 11, 275-279.
49. Bandura, A., Blanchard,
E. B., & Ritter, B. (1969). Relative efficacy of desensitization and
modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal
changes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 173-199.
50. Bandura, A. (1970).
Modeling theory: Some traditions, trends, and disputes. In W. Sahakian (Ed.), Psychology
of learning: Systems, models, and theories. Chicago: Markham.
51. Bandura, A. (1971).
Vicarious and self-reinforcement processes. In R. Glaser (Ed.), The nature of reinforcement
(pp. 228-278). New York: Academic Press.
52. Bandura, A. (1971).
Behavior therapy from a social learning perspective. Proceedings of the XIXth International
Congress of Psychology. London, England.
53. Bandura, A. (1971). Psychotherapy based upon modeling
principles. In A. Bergin & S. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy
and behavior change (pp. 653-708). New York: Wiley.
54. Bandura, A., & Barab, P. (1971). Conditions governing
nonreinforced imitation. Developmental Psychology, 5, 244-255.
55. Bandura, A. (Ed.) (1971). Psychological modeling:
Conflicting theories. New York: Aldine-Atherton, 1971.
56. Bandura, A. (1971). Analysis of modeling processes. In A.
Bandura (Ed.), Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
57. Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. New York:
General Learning Press.
58. Bandura, A. (1972). Socialization. In Lexikon der
Psychologie. Band III. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder.
59. Mahoney, M. J., & Bandura, A. (1972).
Self-reinforcement in pigeons. Learning and Motivation, 3, 293-303.
60. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning
analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
61. Bandura, A., & Jeffery, R. W. (1973). Role of
symbolic coding and rehearsal processes in observational nlearning. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 122-130.
62. Bandura, A., & Barab, P. G. (1973). Processes
governing disinhibitory effects through symbolic modeling. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 82, 1-9.
63. Bandura, A. (1973). Social learning theory of aggression.
In J. F. Knutson (Ed.), The control of aggression: Implications from basic
research. Chicago: Aldine.
64. Bandura, A. (1973). Institutionally sanctioned violence.
Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 2, 23-24.
65. Bandura, A. (1974). Behavior theory and the models of
man. American Psychologist, 29, 859-869.
66. Bandura, A. (1974). The case of the mistaken dependent
variable. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 301-303.
67. Bandura, A., Jeffery, R. W., & Wright, C. L. (1974).
Efficacy of participant modeling as a function of response induction aids.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 56-64.
68. Bandura, A. (1974). The process and practice of
participant modeling treatment. In J. H. Cullen [Ed.], Experimental behaviour:
A basis for the study of mental disturbance. Dublin: Irish University Press.
69. Bandura, A., & Mahoney, M. J. (1974). Maintenance and
transfer of self-reinforcement functions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12,
89-97.
70. Bandura, A., Mahoney, M. J., Dirks, S. J., & Wright,
C. L. (1974). Relative preference for external and selfcontrolled reinforcement
in monkeys. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 157-163.
71. Bandura, A., Jeffery, R. W., & Bachicha, D. L.
(1974). Analysis of memory codes and cumulative rehearsal in observational
learning. Journal of Research in Personality, 7, 295-305.
72. Bandura, A, Underwood, B., & Fromson, M. E. (1975).
Disinhibition of aggression through diffusion of responsibility and
dehumanization of victims. Journal of Research in Personality, 9, 253-269.
73. Bandura, A., Jeffery, R. W., & Gajdos, E. (1975).
Generalizing change through participant modeling with self-directed mastery.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13, 141-152.
74. Bandura, A. (1975). The ethics and social purposes of
behavior modification. In C. Franks & G. Wilson (Eds.), Annual review of
behavior therapy theory and practice (Vol. 3). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
75. Bandura, A. (1976). Self-reinforcement: Theoretical and
methodological considerations. Behaviorism, 4, 135-155.
76. Bandura, A., & Ribes-Inesta, E. (Eds.) (1976).
Analysis of delinquency and aggression. 77. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
77. Bandura, A. (1976). Social learning analysis of
aggression. In E. Ribes-Inesta & A. Bandura (Eds.), Analysis of delinquency
and aggression. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
78. Bandura, A., Mahone, M., & Dirks, S. (1976).
Discriminative activation and maintenance of contingent selfreinforcement. Behaviour
Research and Therapy, 14, 1-6.
79. Bandura, A. (1976). New perspectives on violence. In V.
C. Vaughan, III & T. Brazelton (Eds.), The family. Chicago: Year Book
Medical Publishers.
80. Bandura, A. (1976). Effecting change through participant
modeling. In J. Krumboltz & C. Thoresen (Eds.), Counseling methods. New
York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976.
81. Bandura, A. (1976). Social learning perspective on behavior
change. In A. Burton (Ed.), What makes behavior change possible? (pp. 34-57).
New York: Brunner/Mazel.
82. Bandura, A. (1976). Observational learning. Proceedings
of the XXIst International Congress of Psychology, Paris, France. (Abstract)
83. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
84. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. In B. B.
Wolman & L. R. Pomroy (Eds.), International encyclopedia of psychiatry,
psychology, psychoanalysis, and neurology (Vol. 10). New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
85. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-reinforcement: The power of
positive personal control. In P. G. Zimbardo & F. L. Ruch (Eds.),
Psychology and life (9th ed.). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
86. Bandura, A., & Simon, K. M. (1977). The role of proximal
intentions in self-regulation of refractory behavior. Cognitive Therapy and
Research, 1, 177-193.
87. Bandura, A., Adams N. E., & Beyer, J. (1977).
Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change. Journal of Personality and
Psychology, 35, 125-139.
88. Bandura, A., & Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of
self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1,
287-308.
89. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying
theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
90. Bandura, A. (1978). The self system in reciprocal
determinism. American Psychologist, 33, 344-358.
91. Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self-efficacy. In S.
Rachman (Ed.), Advances in behaviour research and therapy (Vol. 1). Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
92. Bandura, A. (1978). On distinguishing between logical and
empirical verification. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 19, 97-99.
93. Bandura, A. & Rosenthal, T. L., (1978). Psychological
modeling: Theory and practice. In S. L. Garfield & E. Bergin (Eds.),
Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
94. Bandura, A. (1978). Perceived effectiveness: An
explanatory mechanism of behavioral change. In G. Lindzey, C. S. Hall, & R.
F. Thompson (Eds.), Psychology. New York:Worth.
95. Bandura, A. (1978). On paradigms and recycled ideologies.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 79-103.
96. Bandura, A. (1979). Psychological mechanisms of
aggression. In M.VonCranach, K. Foppa, W. LePenies, & D. Ploog (Eds.),
Human ethology: Claims and limits of a new discipline. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
97. Bandura, A. (1979). Self-referent mechanisms in social
learning theory. American Psychologist, 34, 439-441.
98.
Bandura, A. (1979).
On ecumenism in research perspectives. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3,
245-248.
99.
Bandura, A., Adams,
N. E., Hardy, A. B., & Howells, G. N. (1980). Tests of the generality of
self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 39-66.
100.
Bandura, A. (1980).
Gauging the relationship between self-efficacy judgment and action. Cognitive Therapy
and Research, 4, 263-268.
101.
Bandura, A. (1981).
Self-referent thought: A developmental analysis of self-efficacy. In J. Flavell
& L. Ross (Eds.), Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futes.
(pp. 200-239). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102.
Bandura, A. (1981).
In search of pure unidirectional determinants. Behavior Therapy, 12, 30-40.
103.
Bandura, A., &
Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic
interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 41, 586-598.
104.
Bandura, A. (1982).
The self and mechanisms of agency. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives
on the self (Vol. 1). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
105.
Bandura, A. (1982).
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
106.
Bandura, A. (1982).
The psychology of chance encounters and life paths. American Psychologist, 37, 747-755.
107.
Bandura, A., Reese,
L., & Adams N. E. (1982). Microanalysis of action and fear arousal as a
function of differential levels of perceived self-efficacy. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 5-21.
108.
Telch, M. J.,
Bandura, A., Vinciguerra, P., Agras, A., &. Stout, A. L. (1982). Social
demand for consistency and congruence between self-efficacy and performance.
Behavior Therapy, 13, 694-701.
109.
Carroll, W. R.,
& Bandura, A. (1982). The role of visual monitoring in observational
learning of action patterns: Making the unobservable observable. Journal of
Motor Behavior, 1982, 14, 153-167.
110.
Bandura, A. (1992).
The assessment and predictive generality of self-percepts of efficacy. Journal
of
111.
Behavior Therapy
and Experimental Psychiatry, 13, 195-199.
112.
Bandura, A. (1983).
Temporal dynamics and decomposition of reciprocal determinism. Psychological Review,
90, 166-170.
113.
Bandura, A. (1983).
Self-efficacy determinants of anticipated fears and calamities. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 464-469.
114.
Bandura, A., &
Cervone, D (1983). Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational
effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45,
1017-1028.
115.
Bandura, A.,
(1984). Recycling misconceptions of perceived self-efficacy. Cognitive Therapy
and Research, 8, 231-255.
116.
Bandura, A. (1984).
Representing personal determinants in causal structures. Psychological Review,
91, 508-511.
117.
Bussey, K., &
Bandura, A. (1984). Influence of gender constancy and social power on
sex-linked modeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47,
1292-1302.
118.
Bandura, A. (1985).
Model of causality in social learning theory. In S. Sukemune (Ed.), Advances in
social learning theory. Bandura in Japan. Tokyo: Kaneko-Shoho.
119.
Bandura, A. (1985).
Observational learning. In S. Sukemune (Ed.), Advances in sociallearning theory.
Bandura in Japan. Tokyo: Kaneko-shoho.
120.
Bandura, A. (1985).
Explorations in self-efficacy. In S. Sukemune (Ed.), Advances in social
learning theory. Bandura in Japan. Tokyo: Kaneko-shoho.
121.
Bandura, A. (1985).
Reciprocal determinism. In S. Sukemune (Ed.), Advances in social learning
theory. Bandura in Japan. Tokyo: Kaneko-shoho.
122.
Bandura, A.,
Taylor, C. B., Williams, S. L., Mefford, I. N., Barchas, J. D. (1985).
Catecholamine secretion as a function of perceived coping self-efficacy.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 406-414.
123.
Taylor, C. B.,
Bandura, A., Ewart, C. K., Miller, N. H., & DeBusk, R. F. (1985). Exercise
testing to enhance wives’ confidence in their husbands’ cardiac capability
after clinically uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of
Cardiology, 55, 635-638.
124.
Carroll, W. R.,
& Bandura, A. (1985). Role of timing of visual monitoring and motor
rehearsal in observational learning of action patterns. Journal of Motor
Behavior, 17, 269-281.
125.
Bandura, A., & Cervone,
D. (1986). Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 38, 92-113.
126.
Bandura, A. (1986).
Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
127.
Bandura, A. (1986).
From thought to action: Mechanisms of personal agency. New Zealand Journal of Psychology,
15, 1-17.
128.
Bandura, A. (1986).
The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of
Clinical and Social Psychology, 4, 359-373.
129.
Bandura, A. (1986).
Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived
self-inefficacy. American Psychologist, 41, 1389-1391.
130.
Carroll W. R.,
& Bandura, A. (1987). Translating cognition into action: The role of visual
guidance in observational learning. Journal of Motor Behavior, 19, 385-398.
131.
Bandura, A.,
O’Leary, A., Taylor, C. B., Gauthier, J., & Gossard, D (1987). Perceived
self-efficacy and pain control: Opioid and nonopioid mechanisms. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 563-571.
132.
Bandura, A. (1988).
Perceived self-efficacy: Exercise of control through self-belief. In J.
Dauwalder, M.
133.
Perrez, & V.
Hobi (Eds.), Annual series of European research in behavior therapy (Vol. 2,
pp. 27-59). Lisse (NL): Swets & Zeitlinger.
134.
Bandura, A. (1988).
Self-regulation of motivation and action through goal systems. In V. Hamilton,
G. H.
135.
Bower, & N. H.
Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation (pp. 37-61).
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
136.
Bandura, A. (1988).
Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. Anxiety Research, 1, 77-98.
137.
Bandura, A.,
Cioffi, D., Taylor, C., & Brouillard, M. (1988). Perceived self-efficacy in
coping with cognitive stressors and opioid activation. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 55, 479-488.
138.
Bandura, A. (1988).
Organizational applications of social cognitive theory. Australian Journal of Management,
13, 275-302.
139.
Bandura, A. (1989).
Self-regulation of motivation and action through internal tandards and goal
systems. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Goals concepts in personality and social
psychology (pp. 19-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
140.
Bandura, A. (1989).
Social cognitive theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development. Vol.
6. Six theories of child development (pp. 1-60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
141.
Bandura, A. (1989).
Social cognitive theory. In E. Barnouw (Ed.), International encyclopedia of communications
(Vol. 4, pp. 92-96). New York: Oxford University Press.
142.
Bandura, A. (1989).
Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Groebel & P.
Winterhoff-Spurk (Eds.), Empirische Medienpsychologie (pp. 7-32). Munchen:
Psychologie Verlags Union.
143.
Wood, R. E., &
Bandura, A., (1989). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory
mechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 56, 407-415.
144.
Bandura, A., &
Wood, R. E. (1989). Effect of perceived controllability and performance
standards on selfregulation of complex decision-making. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 56, 805-814.
145.
Wood, R. &
Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management.
Academy of Management Review, 14, 361-384.
146.
Bandura, A. (1989).
Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental
Psychology, 25, 729-735.
147.
Bandura, A. (1989).
Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175-1184.
148.
Bandura, A. (1989).
Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of personal agency. The Psychologist:
Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 2, 411-424.
149.
Bandura, A. (1989).
Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. In V.
M. Mays, G. W. Albee, & S. F. Schneider (Eds.), The primary prevention of
AIDS: Psychological approaches (pp. 128-141). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
150.
Bandura, A. (1989).
A social cognitive theory of action. In J. Forgas & M.. Innes (Eds.),
Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp.
127-138). North Holland: Elsevier.
151.
Bandura, A. (1990).
Reflections on nonability determinants of competence. In R. J. Sternberg &
J. Kolligian, Jr. (Eds.), Competence considered (pp. 315-362). New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press.
152.
Carroll, W. R.,
& Bandura, A., (1990). Representational guidance of action production in
observational learning: A causal analysis. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22,
85-97.
153.
Bandura, A. (1990).
Mechanisms of moral disengagement. In W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies,
ideologies, theologies, states of mind (pp. 161-191). Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
154.
Ozer, E., &
Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms governing empowerment effects: A self-efficacy
analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 472-486.
155.
Bandura, A. (1990).
Selective activation and disengagement of moral control. Journal of Social
Issues, 46, 27-46.
156.
Bandura, A. (1990).
Some reflections on reflections. Psychological Inquiry, 1, 101-105.
157.
Wood, R. E.,
Bandura, A., & Bailey, T. (1990). Mechanisms governing organizational
performance in complex decision-making environments. Organizational Behavior
and Human Decision Processes, 46, 181-201.
158.
Wiedenfeld, S. A.,
O’Leary, A., Bandura, A., Brown, S., Levine, S., & Raska, K. (1990). Impact
of perceived self-efficacy in coping with stressors on components of the immune
system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1082-1094.
159.
Bandura, A. (1990).
Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection.
Evaluation and Program Planning, 13, 9-17.
160.
Bandura, A. (1991).
Self-efficacy, impact of self-beliefs on adolescent life paths. In R. M.
Lerner, A. C. Peterson, & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Encyclopedia of
adolescence (Vol. 2, pp. 995-1000). New York: Garland.
161.
Bandura, A. (1991).
Self-regulation of motivation through anticipatory and self-reactive
mechanisms. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Perspectives on motivation: Nebraska
symposium on motivation (Vol. 38, pp. 69-164). Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press.
162.
Bandura, A. (1991).
Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. In W. M. Kurtines & J.
L.
163.
Gewirtz (Eds.),
Handbook of moral behavior and development (Vol. 1, pp. 45-103). Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
164.
Bandura, A. (1991).
The changing icons in personality psychology. In J. H. Cantor (Ed.), Psychology
at Iowa: Centennial essays (pp. 117-139). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
165.
Bandura, A. (1991).
Self-efficacy mechanism in physiological activation and health- promoting
behavior. In J. Madden, IV (Ed.), Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect
(pp. 229-269). New York: Raven.
166.
Bandura, A. (1991).
Human agency: The rhetoric and the reality. American Psychologist, 46, 157-162.
167.
Bandura, A., &
Jourden, F. J. (1991). Self-regulatory mechanisms governing the impact of
social comparison on complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 60, 941- 951.
168.
Bandura, A.,
Jourden, F. J., & Banfield, J. T. (1991) The impact of conceptions of
ability on self-regulatory factors and motor skill acquisition. Journal of
Sport & Exercise Psychology, 8, 213-226.
169.
Bandura, A. (1991).
Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes, 50, 248-287.
170.
Bandura, A. (1992).
On rectifying the comparative anatomy of perceived control. Applied and
Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 1, 121-126.
171.
Bandura, A. (1992).
Psychological aspects of prognostic judgments. In R. Evans, D. Baskin, & F.
Yatsu (Eds.), Prognosis of neurological disorders (pp. 13-28). New York: Oxford
University Press.
172.
Bandura, A. (1992).
Social cognitive theory of social referencing. In S. Feinman (Ed.), Social
referencing and the social construction of reality in infancy (pp. 175-208).
New York: Plenum.
173.
Bandura, A. (1992).
A social cognitive approach to the exercise of control over AIDS infection. In
R.
174.
DiClemente (Ed.),
Adolescents and AIDS: A generation in jeopardy (pp. 89-116). Beverly Hills:
Sage.
175.
Bandura, A. (1992).
Self-efficacy mechanism in psychobiologic functioning. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.),
Selfefficacy: Thought control of action (pp. 355-394). Washington, D.C.:
Hemisphere.
176.
Bandura, A. (1992).
Exercise of personal agency through the self-efficacy mechanism. In R.
Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action (pp. 3-38).
Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere.
177.
Zimmerman, B. J.,
Bandura, A., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1992). Self-motivation for academic
attainment:
178.
The role of
self-efficacy beliefs and personal goal-setting. American Educational Research
Journal, 29, 663-676.
179.
Bussey, K., &
Bandura, A. (1992). Self-regulatory mechanisms governing gender development.
Child Development, 63, 1236-1250.
180.
Bandura, A. (1992).
Observational learning. In L. Squire (Ed.), Encyclopedia of learning and
memory. New York: Macmillan.
181.
Bandura, A. (1993).
Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist,
28, 117-148.
182.
Bandura, A. (1994).
Social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. In R. J. DiClemente
and J. L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing AIDS: Theories and methods of behavioral interventions
(pp. 25-59). New York: Plenum.
183.
Bandura, A. (1994).
Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman
(Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 61-90). Hillsdale,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
184.
Bandura, A. (1994).
Self-efficacy. In R. J. Corsini (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (2nd ed.,
Vol. 3, pp. 368-369). New York: Wiley.
185.
171. Bandura, A.
(1994). Regulative function of perceived self-efficacy. In M. Rumsey, C.
Walker, & J. H.Harris (Eds.), Personal selection and classification (pp. 261-271).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
186.
Bandura, A. (1994).
Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior
(Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
187.
DeBusk, R., Miller,
N., Superko, H., Dennis, C., Thomas, R., Lew, H., Berger III, W., Heller, R.,
Rompf,
188.
J., Gee, D.,
Kraemer, H., Bandura, A., Ghandour, G., Clark, M., Shah, R., Fisher, L., &
Taylor, C. (1994). A case management system for coronary risk factor
modification after acute myocardial infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine,
120, 721-729.
189.
Zimmerman, B., & Bandura, A. (1994).
Impact of self-regulatory factors on writing course attainment. American
Educational Research Journal, 31, 845-862.
190.
Bandura, A. (1995).
Social learning. In A. S. R. Manstead & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Blackwell
encyclopedia of social psychology (pp. 600-606). Oxford: Blackwell.
191.
Bandura, A. (1995).
Self-efficacy. In A. S. R. Manstead & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Blackwell
encyclopedia of social psychology (pp. 453-454). Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
192.
Bandura, A. (1995).
Modeling. In A. S. R. Manstead & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Blackwell encyclopedia
of social psychology (p. 409). Oxford: Blackwell.
193.
Bandura, A. (1995).
Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In A.
Bandura (Ed.). Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp. 1-45). New York:
Cambridge University Press.
194.
Bandura, A. (1995).
On rectifying conceptual ecumenism. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy,
adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research and application (pp. 347-375). New
York: Plenum.
195.
Bandura, A. (Ed.).
(1995). Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
196.
Bandura, A. (1995).
Comments on the crusade against the causal efficacy of human thought. Journal
of
197.
Behavior Therapy
and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 179-190.
198.
Caprara, G. V.,
Pastorelli C. & Bandura, A.,(1995). La misura del disimpegno morale in et‘
evolutiva [The measurement of moral disengagement in children]. Eta Evolutiva,
18-29.
199.
Bandura, A. (1996).
Failures in self-regulation: Energy depletion or selective disengagement? Psychological
Inquiry, 7, 20-24.
200.
Bandura, A. (1996). Social cognitive theory of
human development. In T. Husen & T. N. Postlethwaite
201.
(Eds.),
International encyclopedia of education (2nd ed., pp. 5513-5518). Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
202.
Bandura, A. (1996).
Reflections on human agency. In J. Georges, M. Manthouli, E. Beseveges, &
A. Kokkei (Eds.), Contemporary psychology in Europe: Theory, research and
applications (pp. 194-210). Gottingen, Germany: Hogrefe and Huber.
203.
Bandura, A., C.
Barbaranelli, G. V. Caprara, & C. Pastorelli (1996). Multifaceted impact of
self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning. Child Development, 67,
1206-1222.
204.
Bandura, A., C.
Barbaranelli, G. V. Caprara, & C. Pastorelli (1996). Mechanisms of moral
disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 71, 364-374.
205.
Bandura, A. (1996).
Ontological and epistemological terrains revisited. Journal of Behavior Therapy
and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 323-345.
Semoga bermanfaat....
BalasHapus